Cypher Functions

String Functions

Function	Description	Example
`toLower(s)`	Convert to lowercase	`toLower('Hello')` → `'hello'`
`toUpper(s)`	Convert to uppercase	`toUpper('Hello')` → `'HELLO'`
`trim(s)`	Remove leading/trailing whitespace	`trim(' hi ')` → `'hi'`
`ltrim(s)`	Remove leading whitespace	`ltrim(' hi')` → `'hi'`
`rtrim(s)`	Remove trailing whitespace	`rtrim('hi ')` → `'hi'`
`replace(s, from, to)`	Replace occurrences	`replace('hello', 'l', 'x')` → `'hexxo'`
`substring(s, start, len)`	Extract substring	`substring('hello', 1, 3)` → `'ell'`
`left(s, n)`	First n characters	`left('hello', 2)` → `'he'`
`right(s, n)`	Last n characters	`right('hello', 2)` → `'lo'`
`split(s, delim)`	Split into list	`split('a,b,c', ',')` → `['a','b','c']`
`reverse(s)`	Reverse string	`reverse('hello')` → `'olleh'`
`length(s)`	String length	`length('hello')` → `5`
`size(s)`	String length (alias)	`size('hello')` → `5`
`toString(x)`	Convert to string	`toString(123)` → `'123'`

String Predicates

Function	Description	Example
`startsWith(s, prefix)`	Check prefix	`startsWith('hello', 'he')` → `true`
`endsWith(s, suffix)`	Check suffix	`endsWith('hello', 'lo')` → `true`
`contains(s, sub)`	Check substring	`contains('hello', 'ell')` → `true`

Math Functions

Function	Description	Example
`abs(n)`	Absolute value	`abs(-5)` → `5`
`ceil(n)`	Round up	`ceil(2.3)` → `3`
`floor(n)`	Round down	`floor(2.7)` → `2`
`round(n)`	Round to nearest	`round(2.5)` → `3`
`sign(n)`	Sign (-1, 0, 1)	`sign(-5)` → `-1`
`sqrt(n)`	Square root	`sqrt(16)` → `4`
`log(n)`	Natural logarithm	`log(e())` → `1`
`log10(n)`	Base-10 logarithm	`log10(100)` → `2`
`exp(n)`	e^n	`exp(1)` → `2.718...`
`rand()`	Random 0-1	`rand()` → `0.42...`
`random()`	Random 0-1 (alias)	`random()` → `0.42...`
`pi()`	π constant	`pi()` → `3.14159...`
`e()`	e constant	`e()` → `2.71828...`

Trigonometric Functions

Function	Description
`sin(n)`	Sine
`cos(n)`	Cosine
`tan(n)`	Tangent
`asin(n)`	Arc sine
`acos(n)`	Arc cosine
`atan(n)`	Arc tangent

List Functions

Function	Description	Example
`head(list)`	First element	`head([1,2,3])` → `1`
`tail(list)`	All but first	`tail([1,2,3])` → `[2,3]`
`last(list)`	Last element	`last([1,2,3])` → `3`
`size(list)`	Length	`size([1,2,3])` → `3`
`range(start, end)`	Create range	`range(1, 5)` → `[1,2,3,4,5]`
`reverse(list)`	Reverse list	`reverse([1,2,3])` → `[3,2,1]`
`keys(map)`	Get map keys	`keys({a:1, b:2})` → `['a','b']`

Aggregate Functions

Function	Description	Example
`count(x)`	Count items	`count(n)`, `count(*)`
`sum(x)`	Sum values	`sum(n.amount)`
`avg(x)`	Average	`avg(n.score)`
`min(x)`	Minimum	`min(n.age)`
`max(x)`	Maximum	`max(n.age)`
`collect(x)`	Collect into list	`collect(n.name)`

Entity Functions

Function	Description	Example
`id(node)`	Get node/edge ID	`id(n)`
`labels(node)`	Get node labels	`labels(n)` → `['Person']`
`type(rel)`	Get relationship type	`type(r)` → `'KNOWS'`
`properties(x)`	Get all properties	`properties(n)`
`startNode(rel)`	Start node of relationship	`startNode(r)`
`endNode(rel)`	End node of relationship	`endNode(r)`

Path Functions

Function	Description	Example
`nodes(path)`	Get all nodes in path	`nodes(p)`
`relationships(path)`	Get all relationships	`relationships(p)`
`rels(path)`	Get all relationships (alias)	`rels(p)`
`length(path)`	Path length (edges)	`length(p)`

Type Conversion

Function	Description	Example
`toInteger(x)`	Convert to integer	`toInteger('42')` → `42`
`toFloat(x)`	Convert to float	`toFloat('3.14')` → `3.14`
`toBoolean(x)`	Convert to boolean	`toBoolean('true')` → `true`
`coalesce(x, y, ...)`	First non-null value	`coalesce(n.name, 'Unknown')`

Temporal Functions

Function	Description	Example
`date()`	Current date	`date()` → `'2025-01-15'`
`datetime()`	Current datetime	`datetime()`
`time()`	Current time	`time()`
`timestamp()`	Unix timestamp (ms)	`timestamp()`
`localdatetime()`	Local datetime	`localdatetime()`
`randomUUID()`	Generate random UUID	`randomUUID()` → `'550e8400-e29b-...'`

Predicate Functions

Function	Description	Example
`exists(pattern)`	Pattern exists	`EXISTS { (n)-[:KNOWS]->() }`
`exists(prop)`	Property exists	`exists(n.email)`
`all(x IN list WHERE pred)`	All match	`all(x IN [1,2,3] WHERE x > 0)`
`any(x IN list WHERE pred)`	Any match	`any(x IN [1,2,3] WHERE x > 2)`
`none(x IN list WHERE pred)`	None match	`none(x IN [1,2,3] WHERE x < 0)`
`single(x IN list WHERE pred)`	Exactly one	`single(x IN [1,2,3] WHERE x = 2)`

Reduce

Function	Description	Example
`reduce(acc = init, x IN list \| expr)`	Fold/reduce	`reduce(s = 0, x IN [1,2,3] \| s + x)` → `6`

CASE Expressions

Searched CASE

Evaluates conditions in order and returns the first matching result:

RETURN CASE
    WHEN n.age < 18 THEN 'minor'
    WHEN n.age < 65 THEN 'adult'
    ELSE 'senior'
END AS category

Simple CASE

Compares an expression against values:

RETURN CASE n.status
    WHEN 'A' THEN 'Active'
    WHEN 'I' THEN 'Inactive'
    WHEN 'P' THEN 'Pending'
    ELSE 'Unknown'
END AS status_name

Comprehensions

List Comprehension

Create lists by transforming or filtering:

// Transform each element
RETURN [x IN range(1, 5) | x * 2]
// → [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]

// Filter elements
RETURN [x IN range(1, 10) WHERE x % 2 = 0]
// → [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]

// Filter and transform
RETURN [x IN range(1, 10) WHERE x % 2 = 0 | x * x]
// → [4, 16, 36, 64, 100]

Pattern Comprehension

Extract data from pattern matches within an expression:

// Collect names of friends
MATCH (p:Person)
RETURN p.name, [(p)-[:KNOWS]->(friend) | friend.name] AS friends

// With filtering
RETURN [(p)-[:KNOWS]->(f:Person) WHERE f.age > 21 | f.name] AS adult_friends

Map Projection

Create maps by selecting properties from nodes:

// Select specific properties
MATCH (n:Person)
RETURN n {.name, .age}
// → {name: "Alice", age: 30}

// Include computed values
MATCH (n:Person)
RETURN n {.name, status: 'active', upperName: toUpper(n.name)}

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