Cypher Functions

Every function available in GraphQLite Cypher queries, organized by category.

String Functions

Signature	Returns	Description
`toUpper(s)`	String	Convert to uppercase
`toLower(s)`	String	Convert to lowercase
`trim(s)`	String	Remove leading and trailing whitespace
`ltrim(s)`	String	Remove leading whitespace
`rtrim(s)`	String	Remove trailing whitespace
`btrim(s)`	String	Remove leading and trailing whitespace (alias of `trim`)
`substring(s, start)`	String	Substring from `start` (0-based) to end
`substring(s, start, len)`	String	Substring of length `len` from `start`
`replace(s, search, replacement)`	String	Replace all occurrences of `search` with `replacement`
`reverse(s)`	String	Reverse characters
`left(s, n)`	String	First `n` characters
`right(s, n)`	String	Last `n` characters
`split(s, delimiter)`	List<String>	Split string into list of substrings
`toString(val)`	String	Convert any value to its string representation
`size(s)`	Integer	Number of characters in string
`isEmpty(s)`	Boolean	`true` if string has length zero or is `null`
`char_length(s)`	Integer	Number of characters (alias of `size`)
`character_length(s)`	Integer	Number of characters (alias of `size`)

Examples

RETURN toUpper('hello')           -- 'HELLO'
RETURN substring('abcdef', 2, 3)  -- 'cde'
RETURN split('a,b,c', ',')        -- ['a', 'b', 'c']
RETURN left('abcdef', 3)          -- 'abc'

Math Functions

Signature	Returns	Description
`abs(n)`	Number	Absolute value
`ceil(n)`	Integer	Ceiling (smallest integer >= n)
`floor(n)`	Integer	Floor (largest integer <= n)
`round(n)`	Integer	Round to nearest integer
`round(n, precision)`	Float	Round to `precision` decimal places
`sqrt(n)`	Float	Square root
`sign(n)`	Integer	-1, 0, or 1
`log(n)`	Float	Natural logarithm
`log10(n)`	Float	Base-10 logarithm
`exp(n)`	Float	e raised to the power n
`e()`	Float	Euler's number (2.718…)
`pi()`	Float	Pi (3.141…)
`rand()`	Float	Random float in [0, 1)
`toInteger(val)`	Integer	Convert to integer; `null` on failure
`toFloat(val)`	Float	Convert to float; `null` on failure

Examples

RETURN abs(-5)          -- 5
RETURN round(3.567, 2)  -- 3.57
RETURN sqrt(16)         -- 4.0
RETURN rand()           -- e.g. 0.7341...

Trigonometric Functions

Signature	Returns	Description
`sin(n)`	Float	Sine (radians)
`cos(n)`	Float	Cosine (radians)
`tan(n)`	Float	Tangent (radians)
`asin(n)`	Float	Arcsine; result in radians
`acos(n)`	Float	Arccosine; result in radians
`atan(n)`	Float	Arctangent; result in radians
`atan2(y, x)`	Float	Two-argument arctangent
`degrees(n)`	Float	Radians to degrees
`radians(n)`	Float	Degrees to radians
`cot(n)`	Float	Cotangent
`haversin(n)`	Float	Half the versine of n
`sinh(n)`	Float	Hyperbolic sine
`cosh(n)`	Float	Hyperbolic cosine
`tanh(n)`	Float	Hyperbolic tangent
`coth(n)`	Float	Hyperbolic cotangent
`isNaN(n)`	Boolean	`true` if n is NaN

Examples

RETURN degrees(pi())   -- 180.0
RETURN atan2(1.0, 1.0) -- 0.7853...

List Functions

Signature	Returns	Description
`size(list)`	Integer	Number of elements
`head(list)`	Any	First element; `null` if empty
`tail(list)`	List	All elements except the first; empty list if input has 0 or 1 elements
`last(list)`	Any	Last element; `null` if empty
`range(start, end)`	List<Integer>	Inclusive integer range with step 1
`range(start, end, step)`	List<Integer>	Inclusive integer range with given step
`collect(expr)`	List	Aggregate: collect non-null values into a list
`keys(node_or_map)`	List<String>	Property key names of a node, relationship, or map
`reduce(acc = init, x IN list \| expr)`	Any	Fold list into single value
`[expr FOR x IN list]`	List	List comprehension without filter
`[expr FOR x IN list WHERE cond]`	List	List comprehension with filter

Examples

RETURN range(1, 5)                          -- [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
RETURN range(0, 10, 2)                      -- [0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10]
RETURN head([1, 2, 3])                      -- 1
RETURN tail([1, 2, 3])                      -- [2, 3]
RETURN reduce(total = 0, x IN [1,2,3] | total + x) -- 6
RETURN [x * 2 FOR x IN [1,2,3] WHERE x > 1]        -- [4, 6]

Aggregation Functions

Aggregation functions collapse multiple rows into one. They are valid in RETURN and WITH.

Signature	Returns	Description
`count(expr)`	Integer	Count of non-null values
`count(*)`	Integer	Count of rows
`sum(expr)`	Number	Sum of numeric values
`avg(expr)`	Float	Arithmetic mean of numeric values
`min(expr)`	Any	Minimum value
`max(expr)`	Any	Maximum value
`collect(expr)`	List	List of non-null values
`stdev(expr)`	Float	Sample standard deviation
`stdevp(expr)`	Float	Population standard deviation

Examples

MATCH (n:Person) RETURN count(n), avg(n.age), collect(n.name)
MATCH (n:Person) RETURN count(*) AS total

Entity Functions

Signature	Returns	Description
`id(entity)`	Integer	Internal numeric ID of a node or relationship
`elementId(entity)`	String	String form of internal ID
`labels(node)`	List<String>	All labels of a node
`type(rel)`	String	Relationship type name
`properties(entity)`	Map	All properties as a map
`startNode(rel)`	Node	Source node of a relationship
`endNode(rel)`	Node	Target node of a relationship
`nodes(path)`	List<Node>	Ordered list of nodes in a path
`relationships(path)`	List<Relationship>	Ordered list of relationships in a path
`length(path)`	Integer	Number of relationships in a path

Examples

MATCH (n:Person) RETURN id(n), labels(n)
MATCH ()-[r]->() RETURN type(r)
MATCH p = (a)-[*]->(b) RETURN length(p), nodes(p)

Type Conversion Functions

Signature	Returns	Description
`toString(val)`	String	Convert to string; error on unconvertible types
`toInteger(val)`	Integer	Convert to integer; error on unconvertible types
`toFloat(val)`	Float	Convert to float; error on unconvertible types
`toBoolean(val)`	Boolean	Convert to boolean; error on unconvertible types
`toStringOrNull(val)`	String \| null	Convert to string; `null` on failure
`toIntegerOrNull(val)`	Integer \| null	Convert to integer; `null` on failure
`toFloatOrNull(val)`	Float \| null	Convert to float; `null` on failure
`toBooleanOrNull(val)`	Boolean \| null	Convert to boolean; `null` on failure
`valueType(val)`	String	Returns a string naming the Cypher type: `"INTEGER"`, `"FLOAT"`, `"STRING"`, `"BOOLEAN"`, `"NULL"`, `"LIST"`, `"MAP"`, `"NODE"`, `"RELATIONSHIP"`, `"PATH"`

Examples

RETURN toInteger('42')         -- 42
RETURN toFloatOrNull('abc')    -- null
RETURN valueType(3.14)         -- 'FLOAT'
RETURN toBoolean('true')       -- true

Temporal Functions

Signature	Returns	Description
`date({year, month, day})`	Date	Construct a date
`time({hour, minute, second})`	Time	Construct a time
`datetime({year, month, day, hour, minute, second})`	DateTime	Construct a datetime
`localdatetime({year, month, day, hour, minute, second})`	LocalDateTime	Construct a local datetime (no timezone)
`duration({days, hours, minutes, seconds})`	Duration	Construct a duration; all fields optional
`datetime.fromepoch(seconds)`	DateTime	DateTime from Unix epoch seconds
`datetime.fromepochmillis(ms)`	DateTime	DateTime from Unix epoch milliseconds
`duration.inDays(d1, d2)`	Duration	Duration between two dates in days
`duration.inSeconds(d1, d2)`	Duration	Duration between two datetimes in seconds
`date.truncate(unit, date)`	Date	Truncate date to `unit`: `'year'`, `'month'`, `'week'`, `'day'`

Examples

RETURN date({year: 2024, month: 3, day: 15})
RETURN datetime.fromepoch(1700000000)
RETURN duration({days: 7, hours: 12})
RETURN date.truncate('month', date({year: 2024, month: 3, day: 15}))

Spatial Functions

Signature	Returns	Description
`point({x, y})`	Point	2D Cartesian point
`point({x, y, z})`	Point	3D Cartesian point
`point({latitude, longitude})`	Point	2D geographic point (WGS-84)
`point({latitude, longitude, height})`	Point	3D geographic point (WGS-84)
`distance(p1, p2)`	Float	Distance between two points (meters for geographic, units for Cartesian)
`point.withinBBox(point, lowerLeft, upperRight)`	Boolean	`true` if point is inside bounding box

Examples

RETURN point({x: 1.0, y: 2.0})
RETURN distance(point({latitude: 48.8, longitude: 2.3}), point({latitude: 51.5, longitude: -0.1}))
RETURN point.withinBBox(
  point({x: 5, y: 5}),
  point({x: 0, y: 0}),
  point({x: 10, y: 10})
)  -- true

Predicate Functions

Signature	Returns	Description
`exists(expr)`	Boolean	`true` if the property or pattern exists and is not `null`
`exists{pattern}`	Boolean	`true` if the pattern matches at least one result (full pattern syntax)
`coalesce(v1, v2, ...)`	Any	First non-null argument; `null` if all arguments are `null`
`nullIf(v1, v2)`	Any \| null	Returns `null` if `v1 = v2`; otherwise returns `v1`

Examples

MATCH (n:Person) WHERE exists(n.email) RETURN n.name
MATCH (n:Person) WHERE exists{(n)-[:KNOWS]->(:Person)} RETURN n.name
RETURN coalesce(null, null, 'default')   -- 'default'
RETURN nullIf(5, 5)                      -- null
RETURN nullIf(5, 6)                      -- 5

CASE Expressions

Simple form

CASE expr
  WHEN value1 THEN result1
  WHEN value2 THEN result2
  ELSE default
END

Generic form

CASE
  WHEN condition1 THEN result1
  WHEN condition2 THEN result2
  ELSE default
END

ELSE is optional; omitting it returns null for unmatched rows.

Examples

MATCH (n:Person)
RETURN CASE n.role
  WHEN 'admin' THEN 'Administrator'
  WHEN 'mod'   THEN 'Moderator'
  ELSE 'User'
END AS roleLabel

MATCH (n:Person)
RETURN CASE
  WHEN n.age < 18 THEN 'minor'
  WHEN n.age < 65 THEN 'adult'
  ELSE 'senior'
END AS ageGroup

Graph Algorithm Functions

Called inside Cypher queries using CALL syntax or inline. See Graph Algorithms for full parameter and return type documentation.

Signature	Description
`pageRank([damping, iterations])`	PageRank centrality
`labelPropagation([iterations])`	Label propagation community detection
`louvain([resolution])`	Louvain modularity community detection
`dijkstra(source, target[, weight_property])`	Weighted shortest path
`astar(source, target[, lat_prop, lon_prop])`	A* heuristic shortest path
`degreeCentrality()`	In/out/total degree per node
`betweennessCentrality()`	Betweenness centrality per node
`closenessCentrality()`	Closeness centrality per node
`eigenvectorCentrality([iterations])`	Eigenvector centrality per node
`weaklyConnectedComponents()`	WCC component assignment
`stronglyConnectedComponents()`	SCC component assignment
`bfs(start[, max_depth])`	Breadth-first traversal
`dfs(start[, max_depth])`	Depth-first traversal
`nodeSimilarity([node1, node2, threshold, top_k])`	Jaccard similarity
`knn(node, k)`	k-nearest neighbors by similarity
`triangleCount()`	Triangle count and clustering coefficient per node
`apsp()`	All-pairs shortest paths
`shortestPath(pattern)`	Shortest path as a path value

GraphQLite Documentation